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ACME is thought to increase the fitness of staphylococcus species by enhancing their ability to colonize skin and mucous membranes ( Diep et al., 2008).

The arginine catabolic mobile element (ACME) is a genomic island that first described in Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) clone USA300 North American epidemic (USA300-NAE) and in S. The fine balance between acquisition and maintenance of accessory chromosomal elements shapes the evolutionary fitness of S. epidermidis ( MГ©ric et al., 2018) and the well-established role of Staphylococcus aureus chromosomal cassette elements in bacterial fitness ( Purves et al., 2018 Zapotoczna et al., 2018 Rosario-Cruz et al., 2019), suggest that the stepwise evolution of the cassette chromosomal elements and mecA gene is critical to spread of staphylococcal resistance, thus leading to the MRSA and MRSE epidemic ( Rolo et al., 2017). The important role of horizontal gene transfer in the evolution of S.

The evolutionary pressure of the main nosocomial lineages is thought to be related to the hospital environment, but other evidence suggests that initial core genome changes in sequence type 2 (ST2) isolates result in increased acquisition of resistance traits ( Lee et al., 2018). epidermidis three major phylogenetic groups of hospital adapted isolates, two of ST2 and one of ST23 ( Lee et al., 2018 MГ©ric et al., 2018 Espadinha et al., 2019). Phylogenetic analyses have identified within the species S. Staphylococcus epidermidis and other coagulase negative staphylococci are a leading cause of nosocomial bloodstream and skin and soft tissue infections world-wide ( Otto, 2009). The presence of the COMER-like elements is the most prominent accessory genome feature of these successful lineages suggesting that this chromosomal island contributes to the success and wide clinical distribution of ST2 S. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first molecular characterization of COMER-like elements in S. ACME/COMER-like element positive isolates did not show a significant phenotype of decreased copper susceptibility, while resistance to mercury was over-represented in COMER-like element positive isolates. This difference in stability at the genomic level correlates well with the up to one hundred times higher excision frequency found for the SCC mec elements in ACME-containing isolates compared to COMER-like element containing isolates. COMER-like elements have been identified in one of the two major hospital adapted drug resistant ST2 lineages and showed high stability. ACME showed high variation even between isolates of the same ACME type and ST. Comparative analysis identified a cluster of ACME-positive isolates with most of them belonging to ST48. Analysis showed the presence of SCC mec in the majority of isolates. A core-genome phylogenetic tree and genome based MLST typing showed that more than half of the isolates belong to the clinically predominant sequence type2 (ST2) and these isolates have been found to split into two lineages within the phylogenetic tree. epidermidis clinical isolates, collected between 20 in a Scottish hospital, were sequenced. We aimed in this study to evaluate the presence and diversity of ACME and COMER-like elements in our S.

epidermidis or any other staphylococcal species. Several studies found that ACME is more prevalent, and exhibits greater diversity, in Staphylococcus epidermidis while COMER has not been identified in S. These two mobile elements are associated with resistance to copper, which has been related to host fitness and survival within macrophages. The epidemiological success of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus USA300 has been associated with the presence of two mobile elements, the arginine catabolic mobile element (ACME) and the copper and mercury resistance (COMER) element.

3Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom.

2School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom.

1Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom.

Morrissey 1, Karolin Hijazi 2 and Marco R. Nada Almebairik 1, Roxana Zamudio 1вЂ , Corinne Ironside 2, Chaitanya Joshi 2, Joseph D.

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